Abstract

Birsa Munda, one of the most prominent and revered tribal leaders in Indian history, remains a symbol of resistance, resilience, and the pursuit of justice. He led a mass uprising—widely known as the Ulgulan (Great Commotion)—in 1899–1900 against British colonial rule and the exploitative practices of the zamindari system, marking a watershed moment in the history of tribal resistance in India. Revered as Dharti Aba (Father of the Earth), Birsa Munda’s legacy extends beyond his leadership of a rebellion; he emerged as a visionary who integrated spiritual revivalism with political activism to address the social, economic, and cultural challenges faced by tribal communities. The Ulgulan, or Munda Rebellion, was not merely an armed rebellion; it was a comprehensive movement rooted in tribal pride, identity, tradition, and a resolute commitment to reclaiming natural resources central to the indigenous way of life. Birsa’s movement transcended regional boundaries, uniting various tribal groups across the Chotanagpur Plateau and inspiring a broader resistance to colonial exploitation and feudal oppression. In addition to his political leadership, Birsa Munda was a cultural icon who emphasized the preservation of tribal customs and heritage. He sought to revive the lost traditions of his people through religious reform and social renewal, advocating a return to indigenous spiritual practices while rejecting the oppressive structures imposed by colonial authorities and missionaries. His leadership was not solely political but profoundly spiritual, embodying the ideals of tribal self-reliance and dignity. Birsa Munda’s vision for society—merging resistance to colonial domination with a call for socio-cultural regeneration—was far ahead of its time and has left an enduring impact on the tribal rights movements in India.