Abstract

Makhana is an aquatic crop of nutritional, cultural, and economic value, and Bihar is the global leader with more than eighty five percent of India’s production. The crop is grown in ponds, wetlands, and waterlogged fields across Mithilanchal, Seemanchal, and the Kosi belt, supporting nearly fifty thousand households and contributing to rural livelihoods, women’s employment, and climate resilient farming. This study uses secondary data from the official publication Bihar Makhana at a Glance (2022), which provides district-wise details of area, seed production, and pop production for 2021–22. A descriptive and comparative analysis was carried out, and yields per hectare were calculated to measure productivity. Tables and figures were prepared to highlight the distribution of area, output, and yield, and supporting references from government reports and academic studies were used to provide context on technology, marketing, and policy. The findings show that Purnea and Katihar lead in both production and yield, Darbhanga and Madhubani remain important in area but moderate in productivity, while Supaul, Saharsa, and Madhepura lag behind in efficiency. The results confirm that Seemanchal districts are emerging as growth leaders while traditional regions face stagnation, which makes regional disparities clear. Policy implications suggest promotion of improved varieties, mechanization of popping, stronger farmer producer organizations, and expansion of branding and exports. The study fulfills its objectives by analyzing district-wise patterns, identifying strengths and weaknesses, and proposing measures to improve productivity, farmer income, and the future of the makhana economy.